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i <br /> Appendix A <br /> Carbon dioxide can be a hazard within enclosed areas with no air supply. These types <br /> f enclosed areas are known as confined spaces. Manholes, nines and sewer systems are <br /> examples of confined spaces. An ordinary building is not considered a confined space. Carbon <br /> dioxide air exposure limits for employees and the general public have been established by a <br /> number of govermnental health and industrial safety groups. Each of these standards of air <br /> concentrations is expressed in parts per million ppr • Table I is a listing of carbon dioxide ah- <br /> concentrations and related health effects and standards. <br /> The MDPH uses a guideline of Soo ppm for publicly occupied buildings (Burge et al., <br /> 1990; Gold, 1992; I orback, 1990; OSHA, 1994; Redlich, 1997; l osenstock, 1996; SMACNA, <br /> 1998). A guideline of 600 ppm or less is preferred in schools due to the fact that the majority of <br /> occupants are young and considered to be a more sensitive population in the evaluation o <br /> environmental health stags. Several sources indicate that indoor air problems are significantly <br /> F <br /> reduced at 60 ppm or less of carbon dioxide AIH, 1998; Bright et al., 1992; Dill, 1992; <br /> ISH, 1987). inadequate ventilation and/or elevated temperatures are major causes of <br /> complaints such as respiratory, eye, nose arra throat irritation, lethargy and headaches. <br /> Air levels for carbon dioxide that indicate that indoor air-duality may be a problem have <br /> been established by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning <br /> Engineers S RA . Alcove 1,000 ppm of carbon dioxide, ASHRAE reconunends adjustment <br /> of the building's ventilation system ASHRA , 1989 . In 2001, ASHRAE modified their <br /> standard to indicate that no more than 700 ppm above the outdoor air concentration; however <br /> 800 ppm is the level where further investigation will occur. <br /> Carbon dioxide itself has no acute(short-tenn) health effects associated with low level <br /> exposure(below 5,000 ppm). The main effect of carbon dioxide involves its ability to displace <br /> Appendix A, page <br />