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�y <br /> Removing Total Organic Carbon from Wastewater <br /> Table 1 <br /> Advantages and Disadvantages of the Alternative TOC Removal Technologies <br /> TOC Removal CEC Removal Adaptability to <br /> Process Advantages Disadvantages Efficiency Efficiency' Future <br /> Regulations <br /> Coagulation Simple, well- Large land Low Low Significant <br /> and Filtration understood requirements. modifications <br /> processes. High capital required. <br /> Few costs. <br /> mechanized Chemical storage <br /> systems. and handling. <br /> Minimal <br /> operator <br /> attention. <br /> Relatively low <br /> operation and <br /> maintenance <br /> costs. <br /> GAC Relatively Large land High Moderate Minor <br /> Adsorption ' simple process requirements. modifications <br /> with minimal Efficacy decreases may be <br /> operator with time until required. <br /> attention. CAC requires <br /> costly <br /> regeneration or <br /> replacement <br /> Pretreatment may <br /> be required. <br /> offsite disposal <br /> and replacement <br /> req u i red. <br /> High operation <br /> and maintenance <br /> costs. <br /> PAC Can achieve Moderate process High Moderate Minor <br /> Adsorption high level of complexity. modifications <br /> organics Offsite disposal may be <br /> removal. and replacement required. <br /> required. <br /> Microfiltration or <br /> ultrafiltration <br /> required for <br /> optimal removal. <br /> The NEWEA Journal Winter 2010 31 <br />